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How a Manual Gearbox Works
Model: (Various brands) Various
Video tutorial
The manual gearbox remains the most common transmission today. Its function is to control speed and torque to the driving wheels: more torque is needed to climb a hill, which is achieved by reducing speed in the gearbox; if torque demand is low, speed can be increased. At its core is the principle of the gear ratio: in the simplest schemes, the input and output shafts are connected via an intermediate shaft, and by sliding the gears, different ratios are obtained (sliding gear gearbox), but it is complicated to shift from one gear to another. The constant mesh gearbox solves this problem: the gears are always engaged, but the output ones are loosely connected to the shaft and engage one at a time. The heart of the system is the synchroniser: pressing the clutch interrupts the power flow, the sleeve presses the synchroniser ring against the cone, and, thanks to friction, the gear reaches the speed of the shaft and can be smoothly engaged. The reverse gear uses three gears with a neutral that reverses the rotation but has no synchroniser: the gearbox must be completely stationary before engaging it.
Posted on 26 October 2026 by ScegliAuto
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